JOURNAL ON SOCIAL EXCLUSION/INCLUSION.

THE SOUTHERN NEW HAMPSHIRE UNIVERSITY.
THE SCHOOL OF COMMUNITY ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT.
ICD 533 PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES OF DEVELOPMENT.
JOURNAL ON SOCIAL EXCLUSION/INCLUSION.
INSTRACTORS: MICHEL ADJIBODOU.
DR.SINDA HUSSEIN SINDA.
STUDENT NAME: JOSEPH CLEMENCE.
CENTER: ARUSHA.
Table of Contents.
1.0 INTRODUCTION. 3
2.0 WHAT IS SOCIAL EXCLUSION/INCLUSION?. 3
3.0 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION. 4
4.0 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INCLUSION. 5
5. CONCLUSION. 6
REFERENCE. 7
1.0 INTRODUCTION.
“Social exclusion” has increasingly taken over from terms like poverty and deprivation as a term for describing social division. The paper discusses social exclusion, and the related term “social inclusion”, it views the meaning for both terms as written by different authors and also narrate the elements composed to each term to make it understood more clearly.

2.0 WHAT IS SOCIAL EXCLUSION/INCLUSION?.
According to Wikipedia the free encyclopedia, Social exclusion relates to the alienation or disenfranchisement of certain people within a society. It is often connected to a person's social class, educational status and living standards and how these might affect their access to various opportunities. It also applies to some degree to the disabled, to minority men and women of all races, and to the elderly. Anyone who deviates in any perceived way from the norm of a population can become subject to coarse or subtle forms of social exclusion. Social exclusion is about the inability of our society to keep all groups and individuals within reach of what we expect as a society or to realize their full potential.
Social exclusion is a major cause of crime and re-offending. Removing the right to vote increases social exclusion by signaling to serve prisoners that, at least for the duration of their sentence, they are dead to society. The additional punishment of disenfranchisement is not a deterrent. There is no evidence to suggest that criminals are deterred from offending behavior by the threat of losing the right to vote..... (and) the notion of civic death for sentenced prisoners isolates still further those who are already on the margins of society and encourages them to be seen as alien to the communities to which they will return on release. Silver et al 2003, considered social Exclusion as a relational process of declining participation, solidarity and access. According to Silver, in French republican thought social exclusion refers to a rupture of the social bond or solidarity. Duffy (1995) added that “social exclusion is a broader concept than poverty, encompassing not only low material means but the inability to participate effectively in economic, social, political and cultural life and in some characterisations alienation and distance from mainstream society”
Social inclusion, its converse, is affirmative action to change the circumstances and habits that lead to (or have led to) social exclusion. Social Inclusion is a strategy to combat social exclusion, but it is not making reparations or amends for past wrongs as in Affirmative Action. It is the coordinated response to the very complex system of problems that are known as social exclusion. The notion of social inclusion can vary according to the type of strategies organizations adopted.
The concept of inclusion means the encompassing of the entire population in the performances of the individual function systems. On the one hand, this concerns access to these benefits and, on the other, dependence of individual modes of living on them. To the extent that inclusion is achieved, groups disappear that do not or only marginally participate in social living (Luhman, 1990).

3.0 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL EXCLUSION.

Disadvantage (This involves fear of differences, intolerance, gender stereotyping, historic oppression, cultural deprivation).
Poverty (This include, unemployment, non-standard employment, inadequate income for basic needs, participation in society, stigma, embarrassment, inequality, income disparities, deprivation, insecurity, devaluation of care giving, illiteracy, lack of educational access).
Disability (This include restrictions based on limitations, overwork, time stress, undervaluing of assets available).
Marginalization (This include, silencing, barriers to participation, institutional dependency, no room for choice, not involved in decision making).
Barriers (to movement, restricted access to public spaces, social distancing, unfriendly/unhealthy environments, lack of transportation, unsustainable environments).
Denial of human rights, ( This include , restrictive policies and legislation, blaming the victims, short-term view, one dimensional, restricting eligibility for programs, lack of transparency in decision making).
Isolation, (This include segregation, distancing, competitiveness, violence and abuse, fear, shame).
Discrimination, (This include, racism, sexism, homophobia, restrictions on eligibility, no access to programs, barriers to access, withholding information, departmental silos, government jurisdictions, secretive/restricted communications, rigid boundaries) (Malcolm, 2002 ).

4.0 ELEMENTS OF SOCIAL INCLUSION.

Valuing contributions of women and men to society, recognition of differences, valuing diversity, positive identity, anti-racist education.
Adequate income for basic needs and participation in society, poverty eradication, employment, capability for personal development, personal security, sustainable development, reducing disparities, value and support care giving.
Ability to participate, opportunities for personal development, valued social roles, recognizing competence.
Empowerment, freedom to choose, contribution to community, access to programs, resources and capacity to support participation, involved in decision making, social action.
Access, to public places and community resources, physical proximity and opportunities for interaction, healthy/supportive environments, access to transportation, sustainability.
Affirmation of human rights, enabling policies and legislation, social protection for vulnerable groups, removing systemic barriers, will to take action, long-term view, multi-dimensional, citizen participation, transparent decision making.
Belonging, social proximity, respect, recognition, cooperation, solidarity, family support, access to resources.
Entitlements, access to programs, transparent pathways to access, affirmative action, community capacity building, inter-departmental links, inter-governmental links, accountability, open channels of communication, options for change, flexibility (Malcolm 2002).

5. CONCLUSION.

The promotion of ‘inclusive citizenship’, through which the disadvantaged engage in collective struggles for justice and recognition, has been attracting growing attention as a
solution to chronic poverty. Underlying the notion of ‘inclusive citizenship’ is a teleological view assuming that it is attained when social exclusion is countervailed through the extension of full citizenship to marginal groups. Social Inclusion speeds up community economic development as it enhances the participation and people’s involvement in the society. Social Exclusion triggers alienation in the society and can not put people together for development; it is un indicator for bad governance in the society.
REFERENCE.
1. Duffy, K.(1995) ,Social Exclusion and human dignity in Europe: Strasbourg Council of Europe.
2. Luhman Niklas (1990), Political Theory in the Welfare State (Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter).
3. Malcolm Shookner, 2002 An Inclusion lens, Work book for looking at social and Economic Exclusion and Inclusion: Population Health Research unit Canada.
4. Silver and Miller.( 2003), Social Exclusion the European Approach to Social Disadvantage.
5. Wikipedia Free Encyclopedia.